From academics to acrobats, women are still being judged on their appearance by workplaces, write University of Warwick’s Christopher Warhurst and University of Strathclyde’s Dennis Nickson.
A version of this article was originally published by The Conversation (CC BY-ND 4.0)
Universities position themselves as places where brains matter. It seems strange then that students at a US university would rate attractive academics to be better teachers. This was the finding of a recent US paper which concluded that women in academia suffered most from this.
It raises an uncomfortable proposition: that beauty trumps brains even in 21st century workplaces. It would certainly be supported by veteran woman broadcasters such as radio presenter Libby Purves, who recently complained about the way the BBC dispenses with women of a certain age.
Another survey, this time in the UK, gave a deeper sense of the problem. It reported that employers were asking woman employees to dress ‘sexier’ and wear makeup during video meetings.
Published by law firm Slater and Gordon over the summer and based on a poll of 2,000 office-based staff working from home during lockdown, the report found that 35pc of women had experienced at least one sexist demand from their employer, usually relating to how they dressed for video meetings. Women also reported being asked to wear more makeup, do something to their hair or dress more provocatively. Reasons offered by their bosses were that it would ‘help win business’ and be ‘pleasing to a client’.
It seems as though the shift to more virtual working has not eradicated what Danielle Parsons, an employment lawyer at Slater and Gordon, described as “archaic behaviour” that “has no place in the modern working world”. When employees’ performance is judged on the basis of their physical appearance, potentially shaping their pay and prospects in work, it is known as lookism. It’s not illegal but, arguably, it should be.
A closer look at the issue
The Slater and Gordon survey findings affirm that many trends that we describe in our recent book, Aesthetic Labour, are widespread and continuing despite remote working. Our book reports more than 20 years of research and thinking about this problem. Although our research started by focusing on frontline work in hospitality and retail, the same issue has expanded into a diverse range of roles including academics, traffic wardens, recruitment consultants, interpreters, TV news anchors and circus acrobats.
Companies think that paying greater attention to employees’ appearance will make them more competitive, while public sector organisations think it will make them more liked. As a result, they are all becoming ever more prescriptive in telling employees how they should look, dress and talk.
It happens both to men and women, though more often to women, and is often tied in more broadly with sexualising them at work. For example, while Slater and Gordon found that one-third of men and women had “put up with” comments about their appearance during video calls, women were much more likely to face degrading requests to appear sexier.
When we analysed 10 years of employees’ complaints about lookism to the Equal Opportunities Commission in Australia, we found that the proportion from men was rising across sectors but that two-thirds of complaints were still from women. Interestingly, the US study mentioned earlier found no correlation for man academics between how their looks were perceived and how their performance was rated.
Making lookism illegal
Of course, workplaces cannot be divorced from society in general, and within Aesthetic Labour we chart the increasing obsession with appearance. This ‘aestheticisation’ of individuals is partly driven by the ever-growing reach and importance of the beauty industry and a huge rise in cosmetic – now increasingly labelled aesthetic – surgery.
These trends are perhaps understandable given that those deemed to be ‘attractive’ benefit from a ‘beauty premium’ whereby they are more likely to get a job, more likely to get better pay and more likely to be promoted. Being deemed unattractive or lacking the right dress sense can be reasons to be denied a job, but they are not illegal.
Some researchers have described an emerging aesthetic economy. Clearly, this raises concerns about unfair discrimination but without the legal protection afforded to, say, differently abled people.
‘Not only has this trend continued during the pandemic, it might even have been compounded’
Not only has this trend continued during the pandemic, it might even have been compounded. With the first genuine signs of rising unemployment in the UK reported this month, research already suggests a 14-fold increase in the number of applicants for some job roles. For example, one restaurant in Manchester had more than 1,000 applicants for a receptionist position, while the upmarket pub chain All Bar One reported more than 500 applicants for a single bar-staff role in Liverpool.
Employers are now clearly spoilt for choice when it comes to filling available positions, and those perceived to be better looking will likely have a better chance. We know from research by the University of Strathclyde’s Tom Baum and his colleagues that the hospitality industry was precarious and exploitative enough even before Covid.
It all suggests that lookism is not going away. If we are to avoid the archaic practices of the old normal permeating the new normal, it is time to rethink what we expect from the workplace of the future. One obvious change that could happen is making discrimination on the basis of looks illegal. That would ensure that everyone, regardless of their appearance, has equal opportunity in the world of work to come.
By Christopher Warhurst and Dennis Nickson
Christopher Warhurst is professor of work and employment at University of Warwick and Dennis Nickson is professor of work, employment and organisation at University of Strathclyde.
