University of Cambridge’s Prof Barbara J Sahakian and Nanyang Technological University’s Dr Georgios Christopoulos discuss the science behind cognitive flexibility and argue that adaptability is ‘the only mindset that can deal with the complexities of modern economies’.
A version of this article was originally published by The Conversation (CC BY-ND 4.0)
The word ‘permacrisis’ was selected as the word of the year for 2022, referring to a feeling of being permanently in crisis. The business world has certainly faced continuous and increasingly frequent disruptions over the last few years.
These included Covid-19, lots of people leaving the workforce, geopolitical events and now the emergence of sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) such as ChatGPT.
These changes have unequivocally reminded leaders, human resource practitioners, governments and business schools that the only constant is that organisations need to always adapt. Indeed, the ability to predict and learn from changing environments is increasingly important for businesses.
But how exactly do you do that? Well, you need a flexible workforce to start. But simply telling people to ‘be flexible’ or ‘adapt’ is as effective as asking people to be smart, creative or happy. Similarly, asking people to assess how flexible they are is as unreliable as asking people to assess their own positive and negative qualities.
Luckily, our research has come up with an evidence-based way to train and assess mental flexibility.
Organisational research has repeatedly highlighted terms such as ‘adaptive leadership’, ‘adaptive salesforce business agility’ or ‘agile enterprises’ as key determinants of business resilience and performance. Start-ups and innovative companies need to be even more adaptive and flexible to compensate for lack of resources. Obviously, the same goes for individuals in such organisations.
Indeed, the entire modern workforce needs high levels of career adaptability to survive in an environment in which skills and roles quickly become obsolete – as technology takes over. Overall, the adaptable organisation is no doubt emerging as an important business model. It is probably the only mindset that can deal with the complexities of modern economies.
While most will likely agree on the importance of being adaptable, there is very little understanding of what cognitive capacities underlie adaptable behaviours. It’s unclear how to assess them, and, importantly, how to train this type of thinking. In reality, people do not know what exactly flexibility is, whether they possess it and how to put it into practice.
‘The entire modern workforce needs high levels of career adaptability to survive’
As it turns out, ‘being smart’, competent, educated – or even having strong social and emotional skills – will not guarantee flexible behaviour.
The power of cognitive flexibility
Recent but established research in cognitive neuroscience has drawn attention to a function called cognitive flexibility. This executive function (a type of skill that helps us plan and achieve goals) enables us to switch between different concepts and patterns. It also helps us adapt choices to achieve goals and problem-solve in novel or changing environments.
Cognitive flexibility aids learning under uncertainty and negotiating complex situations. This is not merely about changing your decisions. Higher cognitive flexibility involves rapidly realising when a strategy is failing and changing strategies.
The importance of cognitive flexibility was first discovered in clinical patients. The function engages areas of the brain involved with decision-making, including the prefrontal cortex and striatal circuitry. When this circuitry becomes dysfunctional due to neurological diseases or psychiatric disorders, it can cause rigidity of thought and a failure to adapt.
Cognitive flexibility is required in many real-world situations. The category of workers that requires the highest level of adaptability is arguably entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs need to show flexibility not only in terms of idea generation, but also for resource allocation and social exchanges.
Indeed, our previous research has shown that entrepreneurs, compared with high-level managers, have increased cognitive flexibility. This ultimately helps them to solve problems and make risky decisions successfully. We have also demonstrated that this flexibility translates to social decision-making. Entrepreneurs are simply more flexible in terms of whether and when to trust other people.
Boosting your mind
Cognitive flexibility has often been used as a generic and ill-defined term, measured using subjective self-assessment. Yet, cognitive neuroscience now has tests to more precisely define and objectively measure it.
Cognitive processes, such as working memory, are strongly linked to intelligence level, or IQ, and therefore are relatively unmodifiable. In contrast, cognitive flexibility isn’t as strongly linked to IQ and therefore has the potential to be trained. For example, we might be able to modify and strengthen neural circuits in the brain through cognitive training.
In terms of interventions, seminars on ‘being flexible and adaptable’ will probably have very limited success. Yet, there seems to be a surprising possibility to indirectly train cognitive flexibility by computerised, adaptability training using simple games – though this is something we are still researching.
‘Cognitive flexibility is required in many real-world situations’
Researchers are also exploring more ‘natural’ methods, such as learning new languages or having more diverse social interactions.
Ultimately to better evaluate and train cognitive flexibility, it is critical to supplement self-reported assessments with more diverse and objective methods – including computerised testing. This should take place alongside monitoring of direct changes in brain responses. We need to know more about how these brain changes relate to real-world outcomes, such as school attainment and career advancement.
Rapid developments in technology and innovation provide serious challenges for workers in many industries, including in financial services, renewable energy, climate change science and global health. This means they will have to learn new skills as opportunities become available in challenging and emerging areas. Education should ultimately also change to reflect that.
There is no doubt that the need to make good decisions under uncertainty is becoming exceedingly important.
By Prof Barbara Jacquelyn Sahakian and Dr Georgios Christopoulos
Prof Barbara J Sahakian is based at the University of Cambridge Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute. She has an international reputation in the fields of psychopharmacology, neuropsychology, neuropsychiatry, neuroimaging and neuroethics.
Dr Georgios Christopoulos is an associate professor at Nanyang Technological University. He has a PhD in decision neuroscience from the University of Cambridge. He is an expert in a wide range of methods, including computerised testing, computational modelling, fMRI and psychophysiology.
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